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1993 Spanish general election

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1993 Spanish general election
← 1989 6 June 1993 1996 →
All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 256) seats in the Senate
176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion polls
Registered31,030,511 Green arrow up4.8%
Turnout23,718,816 (76.4%)
Green arrow up6.7 pp
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Felipe González José María Aznar Julio Anguita
Party PSOE PP IU
Leader since 28 September 1979 4 September 1989 12 February 1989
Leader's seat Madrid Madrid Madrid
Last election 177 seats, 40.1%[a] 107 seats, 25.8% 17 seats, 9.1%
Seats won 159 141 18
Seat change Red arrow down18 Green arrow up34 Green arrow up1
Popular vote 9,150,083 8,201,463 2,253,722
Percentage 38.8% 34.8% 9.6%
Swing Red arrow down1.3 pp Green arrow up9.0 pp Green arrow up0.5 pp
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Miquel Roca Iñaki Anasagasti Luis Mardones
Party CiU EAJ/PNV CC
Leader since 4 July 1982 1986 18 April 1986
Leader's seat Barcelona Biscay Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Last election 18 seats, 5.0% 5 seats, 1.2% 1 seats, 0.3%
Seats won 17 5 4
Seat change Red arrow down1 Blue arrow right0 Green arrow up3
Popular vote 1,165,783 291,448 207,077
Percentage 4.9% 1.2% 0.9%
Swing Red arrow down0.1 pp Blue arrow right0.0 pp Green arrow up0.6 pp
Map of Spain showcasing winning party's strength by constituency
Map of Spain showcasing winning party's strength by autonomous community
Map of Spain showcasing seat distribution by Congress of Deputies constituency
Prime Minister before election

Felipe González
PSOE

Prime Minister after election

Felipe González
PSOE

A general election was held in Spain on Sunday, 6 June 1993, to elect the members of the 5th Cortes Generales. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 256 seats in the Senate.

Felipe González's third term in office had seen Spain hosting events such as the Seville Expo '92 and the Barcelona '92 Summer Olympics, which contributed to the modernization of the country's international image. Some corruption scandals affecting the ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) were uncovered during this period: deputy prime minister Alfonso Guerra resigned in 1991 after his brother was accused of nepotism and tax evasion, and a judicial probe was started on the alleged illegal financing of PSOE campaigns (the "Filesa case"). The outset of the early 1990s recession and its impact on the economy forced the government to devalue the peseta three times in nine months. As a result of mounting crises and rising political tension, González chose to call a snap election for June 1993.

Amid a large voter turnout of 76.4%, González's PSOE emerged as the largest party for the fourth consecutive time, though it lost the overall majority it had held since 1982 and fell to 159 deputies. In contrast, José María Aznar's People's Party (PP) gained from the collapse of the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) and made significant inroads, increasing its support to 34.8% of the vote and 141 seats. However, the party fell short of opinion poll predictions of it emerging as the most-voted political force, which was attributed to González being perceived as decisively defeating Aznar in the second of two head-to-head debates held during the campaign.

For the first time since 1979, the election brought in a hung parliament, forcing González to seek the support of Catalan and Basque nationalist groups—such as Convergence and Union (CiU) and the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV)—in order to renew his tenure.

Background

[edit]

The 175-seat victory of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) in the 1989 general election, exactly half of Congress, allowed it to govern with a de facto absolute majority or with minor support from other parties, depending on Herri Batasuna's policy of abstentionism.[1][2] Due to election irregularities reported in a number of constituencies, only 332 deputies were sworn in by Felipe González's investiture as prime minister,[3] prompting him to submit a motion of confidence on his government in April 1990,[4][5] which he won.[6]

In the 1989–1993 period, Spain hosted events such as the Seville Expo '92 and the Barcelona '92 Summer Olympics, allowing the fledgeling democracy to present itself to the international community as a modern country, different from what it had been under Franco's dictatorship.[7][8]

A succession of political scandals began to undermine the government's public image starting in 1991 and into 1992.[9] Alfonso Guerra resigned as deputy prime minister in January 1991,[10] following a scandal involving his brother Juan—amid accusations of nepotism and tax evasion[11]—which had been ongoing for over a year.[12][13] In May, it was revealed that a number of PSOE-linked companies had been paid hundreds of millions for consultancy works that were never carried out (funds which were allegedly used to illegally fund the party's campaigns in 1989) in what would come to be known as the "Filesa case".[14][15][16] Several months later, health minister Julián García Valverde was forced to abandon politics after revelations that RENFE—a state-owned company which he had presided between 1985 and 1991—had purchased lands at an inflated price that suggested a possible embezzlement.[17][18]

A scheme to collect illegal kickbacks from the awarding of contracts for the purchase of newsprint used by the Official State Gazette (BOE) printing presses was uncovered in November 1992.[19][20] The scandal would bring about the arrest one year later of former BOE director, Carmen Salanueva,[21][22] who was also accused of fraud by buying paintings at a low price invoking the name of Queen Sofía and Carmen Romero, spouse of then prime minister Felipe González.[23][24]

Overview

[edit]

Electoral system

[edit]

The Spanish Cortes Generales were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive (yet limited in number) functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which were not subject to the Congress' override.[25][26] Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights.[27][28]

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting.[29][30] The use of the electoral method resulted in an effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies.[31]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:[32]

Seats Constituencies
34 Madrid(+1)
32 Barcelona
16 Valencia
12 Seville
10 Alicante, Málaga
9 Asturias, Biscay(–1), Cádiz, La Coruña, Murcia
8 Pontevedra
7 Balearics(+1), Córdoba, Granada, Las Palmas, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Zaragoza
6 Badajoz, Guipúzcoa(–1), Jaén, Tarragona(+1)
5 Almería, Cáceres, Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Girona, Huelva, León, Lugo, Navarre, Toledo, Valladolid
4 Álava, Albacete, Burgos, La Rioja, Lleida, Orense(–1), Salamanca
3 Ávila, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Soria, Teruel, Zamora

For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting system, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.[33][34]

The law did not provide for by-elections to fill vacated seats; instead, any vacancies that occurred after the proclamation of candidates and into the legislature's term were to be covered by the successive candidates in the list and, when needed, by the designated substitutes, of which the list was required to include three.[35]

Election date

[edit]

The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of parliament and published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place between the fifty-fourth and the sixtieth day from publication.[36] The previous election was held on 29 October 1989, which meant that the legislature's term would expire on 29 October 1993. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 5 October 1993, with the election taking place on the sixtieth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Saturday, 4 December 1993.[37]

The prime minister had the prerogative to propose the monarch to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one.[38] Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[39] Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections to the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of 2025, there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.

The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 13 April 1993 after the publication of the dissolution decree in the BOE, setting the election date for 6 June and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 29 June.[32]

Parliamentary composition

[edit]

The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.[40][41]

Parties and candidates

[edit]

Eligibility requirements

[edit]

Spanish citizens of age and with the legal capacity to vote could run for election, provided that they were not sentenced to imprisonment by a final court's decision nor convicted by a judgement, even if not yet final, which imposed a penalty of forfeiture of eligibility or of specific disqualification or suspension from public office under specific offences: rebellion and terrorism when involving crimes against life, physical integrity or freedom of persons. Other general causes of ineligibility were imposed on members of the Spanish royal family; the president and members of the Constitutional Court, the General Council of the Judiciary, the Supreme Court, the Council of State, the Court of Auditors and the Economic and Social Council; the Ombudsman; the State's Attorney General; high-ranking members—undersecretaries, secretaries-general, directors-general and chiefs of staff—of Spanish government departments, the Prime Minister's Office, government delegations, the Social Security and other government agencies; heads of diplomatic missions in foreign states or international organizations; judges and public prosecutors in active service; Armed Forces and police corps personnel in active service; members of electoral commissions; the chair of RTVE; the director of the Electoral Register Office; the governor and deputy governor of the Bank of Spain; the chairs of the Official Credit Institute and other official credit institutions; and members of the Nuclear Safety Council; as well as a number of territorial-level officers in the aforementioned government bodies and institutions being barred from running, during their tenure of office, in constituencies within the whole or part of their respective area of jurisdiction.[44][45] Disqualification provisions for the Cortes Generales extended to any employee of a foreign state and to members of regional governments, as well as the impossibility of running simultaneously as candidate for both the Congress and Senate.[46]

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.[47]

Main competing lists

[edit]

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

Candidacy Parties and
alliances 		Leading candidate Ideology Previous result Gov. Ref.
Votes (%) Con. Sen.
PSOE
List
 Felipe González Social democracy 40.11%[a] 177 107 checkY [48]
[49]
[50]
PP
List
 José María Aznar Conservatism
Christian democracy 		25.79% 107 78 ☒N [51]
[52]
CiU
List
 Miquel Roca Catalan nationalism
Centrism 		5.04% 18 10 ☒N
IU
List
 Julio Anguita Socialism
Communism 		9.07% 17 1 ☒N
CDS
List
 Rafael Calvo Ortega Centrism
Liberalism 		7.89% 14 1 ☒N [53]
EAJ/PNV
List
 Iñaki Anasagasti Basque nationalism
Christian democracy
Conservative liberalism 		1.24% 5 4 ☒N
HB
List
 Jon Idigoras Basque independence
Abertzale left
Revolutionary socialism 		1.06% 4 3 ☒N
PA
List
 Salvador Pérez Bueno Andalusian nationalism
Social democracy 		1.04% 2 0 ☒N
UV
List
 Vicente González Lizondo Blaverism
Conservatism 		0.71% 2 0 ☒N
EA–EuE
List
 Xabier Albistur Basque nationalism
Social democracy 		0.67% 2 0 ☒N
PAR
List
 José María Mur Regionalism
Centrism 		0.35% 1 0 ☒N
CC
List
 Lorenzo Olarte Regionalism
Canarian nationalism
Centrism 		0.32%[c] 1 4 ☒N
ERC
List
 Pilar Rahola Catalan independence
Left-wing nationalism
Social democracy 		0.41% 0 0 ☒N

Opinion polls

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Main article: Opinion polling for the 1993 Spanish general election
Local regression trend line of poll results from 29 October 1989 to 6 June 1993, with each line corresponding to a political party.


Campaign

[edit]

Election debates

[edit]
1993 Spanish general election debates
Date Organisers Moderator(s)     P  Present[d]    S  Surrogate[e]  
PSOE PP Audience Ref.
24 May Antena 3 Manuel Campo Vidal P
González 		P
Aznar 		61.8%
(9,625,000) 		[54]
[55]
31 May Tele 5 Luis Mariñas P
González 		P
Aznar 		75.3%
(10,526,000) 		[54]
[55]
Opinion polls
Candidate viewed as "performing best" or "most convincing" in each debate
Debate Polling firm/Commissioner PSOE PP Tie None Question?
24 May Demoscopia/El País[56] 21.0 50.0 29.0
Opina/La Vanguardia[57] 18.4 42.5 8.1 13.9 17.2
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[58] 28.0 49.8 22.2
31 May Demoscopia/El País[59] 48.0 18.0 34.0
Opina/La Vanguardia[60] 36.2 15.3 17.4 13.6 17.5

Results

[edit]

Congress of Deputies

[edit]
For results by autonomous community/constituency, see Results breakdown of the 1993 Spanish general election (Congress).
← Summary of the 6 June 1993 Congress of Deputies election results →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 9,150,083 38.78 –1.33 159 –18
People's Party (PP) 8,201,463 34.76 +8.97 141 +34
United Left (IU) 2,253,722 9.55 +0.48 18 +1
Convergence and Union (CiU) 1,165,783 4.94 –0.10 17 –1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 414,740 1.76 –6.13 0 –14
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 291,448 1.24 ±0.00 5 ±0
Canarian Coalition (CC)2 207,077 0.88 +0.45 4 +3
Popular Unity (HB) 206,876 0.88 –0.18 2 –2
Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) 189,632 0.80 +0.39 1 +1
The Greens (Verdes)3 185,940 0.79 –0.11 0 ±0
Aragonese Party (PAR) 144,544 0.61 +0.26 1 ±0
Basque Solidarity–Basque Left (EA–EuE) 129,293 0.55 –0.12 1 –1
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 126,965 0.54 +0.31 0 ±0
Valencian Union (UV) 112,341 0.48 –0.23 1 –1
Andalusian Party (PA) 96,513 0.41 –0.63 0 –2
The Ecologists (LE) 68,851 0.29 –0.38 0 ±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group–European Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE) 54,518 0.23 –0.84 0 ±0
Andalusian Progress Party (PAP) 43,169 0.18 New 0 ±0
Valencian People's Union (UPV) 41,052 0.17 –0.03 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 30,068 0.13 –0.27 0 ±0
Union for the Progress of Cantabria (UPCA) 27,005 0.11 New 0 ±0
Nationalists of the Balearic Islands (PSM–ENE) 20,118 0.09 +0.05 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) 18,608 0.08 New 0 ±0
Alavese Unity (UA) 16,623 0.07 New 0 ±0
Liberal Independent Group (GIL) 16,452 0.07 New 0 ±0
Party of Gran Canaria (PGC) 15,246 0.06 New 0 ±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 13,097 0.06 New 0 ±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 11,392 0.05 New 0 ±0
Asturianist Party (PAS) 11,088 0.05 +0.02 0 ±0
United Extremadura (EU) 10,653 0.05 ±0.00 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 10,233 0.04 –0.27 0 ±0
Majorcan, Menorcan and Pityusic Union (UMMP) 10,053 0.04 New 0 ±0
Ecologist Party of Catalonia–VERDE (PEC–VERDE) 9,249 0.04 –0.06 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 8,834 0.04 –0.04 0 ±0
Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR) 8,667 0.04 ±0.00 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 8,000 0.03 –0.09 0 ±0
Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)4 7,991 0.03 –0.03 0 ±0
Riojan Party (PR) 7,532 0.03 New 0 ±0
Aragonese Union (CHA) 6,344 0.03 +0.01 0 ±0
Galician Nationalist Convergence (CNG) 4,663 0.02 New 0 ±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 4,647 0.02 New 0 ±0
Galician Alternative (AG) 3,286 0.01 New 0 ±0
Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE) 3,063 0.01 +0.01 0 ±0
Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL) 2,715 0.01 New 0 ±0
Party of El Bierzo (PB) 2,681 0.01 New 0 ±0
Extremaduran Regionalist Party (PREx) 2,086 0.01 New 0 ±0
Health and Ecology in Solidarity (SEES) 1,959 0.01 New 0 ±0
Madrilenian Independent Regional Party (PRIM)5 1,917 0.01 –0.01 0 ±0
Gray Panthers of Spain (ACI) 1,644 0.01 New 0 ±0
Valencian Nationalist Left (ENV) 1,517 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI) 1,415 0.01 +0.01 0 ±0
People's Palentine Group (APP) 1,410 0.01 New 0 ±0
Rainbow (Arcoiris) 1,407 0.01 New 0 ±0
The Greens of the Alicantine Country (PVPA) 1,375 0.01 New 0 ±0
Cantonal Party (PCAN) 1,300 0.01 New 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 1,193 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Spanish Catholic Movement (MCE) 1,178 0.00 New 0 ±0
Tenerife Assembly (ATF) 1,159 0.00 New 0 ±0
Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta (PSPC) 1,155 0.00 New 0 ±0
Insular Group of Gran Canaria (AIGRANC) 1,009 0.00 New 0 ±0
Castilianist Union (UC) 949 0.00 New 0 ±0
Andecha Astur (AA) 787 0.00 New 0 ±0
Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA) 747 0.00 New 0 ±0
Alicantine Democratic Union (UniDA) 715 0.00 New 0 ±0
Progressive Front of Spain (FPE) 641 0.00 New 0 ±0
Union of Autonomies (UDLA) 594 0.00 New 0 ±0
Socialist October (OS) 540 0.00 New 0 ±0
Independent Council of Asturias (Conceyu) 528 0.00 New 0 ±0
Integration Party for Almeria and its Peoples (PIAP) 466 0.00 New 0 ±0
Spanish Balearic Alternative (ABE) 416 0.00 New 0 ±0
Referendum Tolerant Independent Political Party (PITRCG) 408 0.00 New 0 ±0
Party of The People (LG) 385 0.00 New 0 ±0
Nationalist Party of Cantabria (PNC) 383 0.00 New 0 ±0
Federated Independents of Aragon (IF) 303 0.00 New 0 ±0
Radical Balearic Party (PRB) 282 0.00 New 0 ±0
Tagoror Party (Tagoror) 278 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU) 267 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Social Democratic Spanish Christian Monarchy (MCES) 244 0.00 New 0 ±0
Progressive Sorian Union (US) 98 0.00 New 0 ±0
Nationalist Party of Castile and León (PANCAL) 70 0.00 –0.01 0 ±0
Initiative for Ceuta (INCE) 42 0.00 New 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0
Coalition for Free Canaries (CCL) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0
Centrist Unity–Democratic Spanish Party (PED) 0 0.00 –0.02 0 ±0
Freixes Independent Group (Freixes) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 188,679 0.80 +0.11
Total 23,591,864 350 ±0
Valid votes 23,591,864 99.46 +0.20
Invalid votes 126,952 0.54 –0.20
Votes cast / turnout 23,718,816 76.44 +6.70
Abstentions 7,311,695 23.56 –6.70
Registered voters 31,030,511
Sources[61][62]
Footnotes:
Popular vote
PSOE
 
 38.78%
PP
 
 34.76%
IU
 
 9.55%
CiU
 
 4.94%
CDS
 
 1.76%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.24%
CC
 
 0.88%
HB
 
 0.88%
ERC
 
 0.80%
PAR
 
 0.61%
EA–EUE
 
 0.55%
UV
 
 0.48%
Others
 
 3.97%
Blank ballots
 
 0.80%
Seats
PSOE
 
 45.43%
PP
 
 40.29%
IU
 
 5.14%
CiU
 
 4.86%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.43%
CC
 
 1.14%
HB
 
 0.57%
ERC
 
 0.29%
PAR
 
 0.29%
EA–EUE
 
 0.29%
UV
 
 0.29%

Senate

[edit]
← Summary of the 6 June 1993 Senate of Spain election results →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 25,441,605 39.02 –1.66 96 –11
People's Party (PP) 22,467,236 34.46 +8.40 93 +15
United Left (IU) 6,172,255 9.47 +0.70 0 –1
Convergence and Union (CiU) 3,458,419 5.30 +0.01 10 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 1,189,877 1.82 –5.78 0 –1
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 846,605 1.30 –0.04 3 –1
Popular Unity (HB) 599,744 0.92 –0.22 1 –2
The Greens (Verdes)2 570,793 0.88 +0.24 0 ±0
Aragonese Party (PAR) 465,162 0.71 +0.28 0 ±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 402,549 0.62 +0.36 0 ±0
Canarian Coalition (CC)3 396,799 0.61 +0.37 5 +1
Basque Solidarity–Basque Left (EA–EuE) 381,356 0.58 –0.14 0 ±0
Valencian Union (UV) 347,593 0.53 –0.08 0 ±0
Andalusian Party (PA) 312,384 0.48 –0.67 0 ±0
Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) 239,546 0.37 –0.06 0 ±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group–European Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE) 180,139 0.28 –0.43 0 ±0
Union for the Progress of Cantabria (UPCA) 144,784 0.22 New 0 ±0
Valencian People's Union (UPV) 138,183 0.21 –0.03 0 ±0
Andalusian Progress Party (PAP) 133,514 0.20 New 0 ±0
The Ecologists (LE) 70,589 0.11 –0.43 0 ±0
Liberal Independent Group (GIL) 60,071 0.09 New 0 ±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 57,797 0.09 New 0 ±0
Ecologist Party of Catalonia (PEC) 52,053 0.08 New 0 ±0
Alavese Unity (UA) 49,120 0.08 New 0 ±0
United Extremadura (EU) 48,113 0.07 –0.01 0 ±0
Asturianist Party (PAS) 43,538 0.07 +0.04 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 43,044 0.07 –0.15 0 ±0
Nationalists of the Balearic Islands (PSM–ENE) 40,478 0.06 +0.03 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 35,618 0.05 –0.22 0 ±0
Party of Gran Canaria (PGC) 30,285 0.05 New 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) 28,769 0.04 New 0 ±0
Aragonese Union (CHA) 28,186 0.04 +0.02 0 ±0
Riojan Party (PR) 27,383 0.04 New 0 ±0
Majorcan, Menorcan and Pityusic Union (UMMP) 24,450 0.04 New 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 22,845 0.04 –0.09 0 ±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 17,953 0.03 New 0 ±0
Galician Nationalist Convergence (CNG) 16,405 0.03 New 0 ±0
Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)4 13,733 0.02 –0.02 0 ±0
Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL) 13,041 0.02 New 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 12,147 0.02 –0.01 0 ±0
Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE) 11,830 0.02 +0.01 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 11,176 0.02 –0.05 0 ±0
Galician Alternative (AG) 10,849 0.02 New 0 ±0
Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI) 10,768 0.02 +0.02 0 ±0
Madrilenian Independent Regional Party (PRIM)5 10,713 0.02 –0.02 0 ±0
Gray Panthers of Spain (ACI) 10,681 0.02 New 0 ±0
Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR) 10,258 0.02 +0.01 0 ±0
Extremaduran Regionalist Party (PREx) 10,253 0.02 New 0 ±0
Green Social Unity (USV) 9,802 0.02 New 0 ±0
Spanish Vertex Ecological Development Revindication (VERDE) 9,704 0.01 –0.17 0 ±0
Spanish Catholic Movement (MCE) 9,507 0.01 –0.02 0 ±0
Rainbow (Arcoiris) 5,419 0.01 New 0 ±0
Party of El Bierzo (PB) 5,151 0.01 New 0 ±0
People's Palentine Group (APP) 4,869 0.01 New 0 ±0
Valencian Nationalist Left (ENV) 4,617 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
The Greens of the Alicantine Country (PVPA) 4,439 0.01 New 0 ±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 4,422 0.01 New 0 ±0
Cantonal Party (PCAN) 4,333 0.01 New 0 ±0
Federal Socialist Party (PSF) 4,168 0.01 New 0 ±0
Health and Ecology in Solidarity (SEES) 4,083 0.01 New 0 ±0
Centrist Unity–Democratic Spanish Party (PED) 4,047 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Alicantine Democratic Union (UniDA) 3,611 0.01 New 0 ±0
Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA) 3,408 0.01 New 0 ±0
Andecha Astur (AA) 3,068 0.00 New 0 ±0
Castilianist Union (UC) 3,013 0.00 New 0 ±0
Tenerife Assembly (ATF) 2,638 0.00 New 0 ±0
Spanish Action (AE) 2,595 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Independent Council of Asturias (Conceyu) 2,326 0.00 New 0 ±0
Navarrese Regionalists (RN) 2,213 0.00 New 0 ±0
Insular Group of Gran Canaria (AIGRANC) 2,098 0.00 New 0 ±0
Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta (PSPC) 1,961 0.00 New 0 ±0
Socialist October (OS) 1,751 0.00 New 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU) 1,641 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Nationalist Party of Cantabria (PNC) 1,566 0.00 New 0 ±0
Natural Culture (CN) 1,557 0.00 –0.01 0 ±0
Blue Party of Progressive Rightwing (PADP) 1,086 0.00 New 0 ±0
Integration Party for Almeria and its Peoples (PIAP) 1,026 0.00 New 0 ±0
Tagoror Party (Tagoror) 1,016 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Social Democratic Spanish Christian Monarchy (MCES) 1,009 0.00 New 0 ±0
Federated Independents of Aragon (IF) 842 0.00 New 0 ±0
Spanish Balearic Alternative (ABE) 717 0.00 New 0 ±0
Referendum Tolerant Independent Political Party (PITRCG) 583 0.00 New 0 ±0
Proverist Party (PPr) 467 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Radical Balearic Party (PRB) 460 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Nationalist Party of Castile and León (PANCAL) 352 0.00 –0.02 0 ±0
Progressive Sorian Union (US) 347 0.00 New 0 ±0
Initiative for Ceuta (INCE) 70 0.00 New 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0
Freixes Independent Group (Freixes) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots[f] 376,829 1.63 –0.04
Total 65,203,500 208 ±0
Valid votes 23,189,174 97.70 +1.13
Invalid votes 546,821 2.30 –1.13
Votes cast / turnout 23,735,995 76.49 +6.62
Abstentions 7,294,516 23.51 –6.62
Registered voters 31,030,511
Sources[41][61][62][63]
Footnotes:
Popular vote
PSOE
 
 39.02%
PP
 
 34.46%
IU
 
 9.47%
CiU
 
 5.30%
CDS
 
 1.82%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.30%
HB
 
 0.92%
CC
 
 0.61%
Others
 
 6.52%
Blank ballots
 
 1.63%
Seats
PSOE
 
 46.15%
PP
 
 44.71%
CiU
 
 4.81%
CC
 
 2.40%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.44%
HB
 
 0.48%

Maps

[edit]
  • Election results by constituency (Congress).
    Election results by constituency (Congress).
  • Vote winner strength by constituency (Congress).
    Vote winner strength by constituency (Congress).
  • Vote winner strength by autonomous community (Congress).
    Vote winner strength by autonomous community (Congress).

Aftermath

[edit]

Government formation

[edit]
Further information: Fourth government of Felipe González
Investiture
Felipe González (PSOE)
Ballot → 9 July 1993
Required majority → 176 out of 350 checkY
Yes
181 / 350
No
  • • PP (141)
  • • IU–IC (17)
  • • CC (4)
  • • ERC (1)
  • • EA (1)
  • • UV (1)
165 / 350
Abstentions
1 / 350
Absentees
3 / 350
Sources[64]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Results for PSOE (39.60%, 175 deputies and 107 senators) and EE (0.51%, 2 deputies and 0 senators) in the 1989 election.
  2. ^ Carlos Revilla and Antoni Fernández Teixidó, former CDS legislators; Felipe Baeza, former PP legislator.
  3. ^ Results for AIC in the 1989 election.
  4. ^ Denotes a main invitee attending the event.
  5. ^ Denotes a main invitee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.
  6. ^ The percentage of blank ballots is calculated over the official number of valid votes cast, irrespective of the total number of votes shown as a result of adding up the individual results for each party.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ De la Cuadra, Bonifacio (11 June 1990). "La llave de la mayoría absoluta". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  2. ^ "Los socialistas tendrán que buscar más apoyo de sus socios". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 22 June 1990. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  3. ^ Valdecantos, Camilo (13 April 1993). "La impugnación de las elecciones marcó la legislatura desde el inicio". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  4. ^ "González acepta crear una comisión parlamentaria que investigue con rigor el censo electoral". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 5 December 1989. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  5. ^ Galán, Javier (30 August 2016). "Felipe González, diciembre de 1989, antesala a la cuestión de confianza". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  6. ^ "La cuestión de confianza mostró la distancia del Gobierno con IU y PP". El País (in Spanish). 6 April 1990. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  7. ^ Echarri, Miquel (28 October 2015). "1992, el año en el que España subió a primera división". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  8. ^ "España democrática. Los gobiernos de Felipe González (1982-1996)" (in Spanish). Enciclopedia Humanidades. Retrieved 18 March 2025. (...) En las elecciones de 1989, el PSOE volvió a ganar por mayoría absoluta. En esta tercera legislatura del PSOE (1989-1993), España celebró en 1992 dos acontecimientos internacionales, los Juegos Olímpicos de Barcelona y la Expo de Sevilla, que mostraron una imagen de país moderno muy diferente a la España de la dictadura de Franco.
  9. ^ Díez, Anabel; González Ibáñez, Juan (23 March 1992). "Del caso de Juan Guerra a Ibercorp". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  10. ^ González Ibáñez, Juan (13 January 1991). "Guerra afirma que dimite para facilitar "un buen Gobierno"". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  11. ^ Méndez, Juan (13 January 1991). "El 'caso Juan Guerra', elemento clave de la caída". El País (in Spanish). Seville. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  12. ^ "El PP e IU exigen de nuevo la dimisión de Guerra". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 6 April 1990. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  13. ^ Rosell, Francisco (18 October 2007). "Juan Guerra abre despacho en el patio de monipodio". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  14. ^ González Ibáñez, Juan; Díez, Anabel (30 May 1991). "El fiscal del Estado ordena investigar a dos firmas que financiaron irregularmente al PSOE". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  15. ^ "Un grupo de sociedades financiaron ilícitamente campañas del PSOE en 1989". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. 1 December 2000. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  16. ^ Ramírez, L. (1 May 2006). "Estalla el "caso Filesa"". Expansión (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  17. ^ "García Valverde dimite como ministro de Sanidad por el escándalo de Renfe". El País (in Spanish). 14 January 1992. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  18. ^ "Operaciones sospechosas en San Sebastián de los Reyes". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 14 January 1992. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  19. ^ De la Cuadra, Bonifacio (2 November 1992). "Una juez investiga a tres ex altos cargos del BOE por un presunto fraude de 1.010 millones". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  20. ^ De la Cuadra, Bonifacio (2 November 1992). "Una actuación contraria al "más elemental principio de economía"". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  21. ^ Duva, Jesús; De la Cuadra, Bonifacio (30 November 1993). "Detenida por orden judicial la ex directora del BOE por delitos vinculados a la compra de papel prensa". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  22. ^ De la Cuadra, Bonifacio (5 December 1993). "La inocencia de comprar dos objetos de plata en Navidad". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  23. ^ Hernández, José Antonio (16 June 1994). "La policía investiga a Salanueva por presunta apropiación de cuadros". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  24. ^ "Muere de un cáncer Carmen Salanueva, ex directora general del BOE". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Europa Press. 18 January 2000. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  25. ^ Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 66.
  26. ^ "Sinopsis artículo 66". Constitución española (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 12 September 2020, summarizing Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 66.
  27. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. I, art. 2.
  28. ^ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1077.
  29. ^ Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 68.
  30. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. II, ch. III, art. 162–164.
  31. ^ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  32. ^ a b "Real Decreto 534/1993, de 12 de abril, de disolución del Congreso de los Diputados y del Senado y de convocatoria de elecciones" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (88): 10581–10582. 13 April 1993. ISSN 0212-033X.
  33. ^ Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 69.
  34. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. II, ch. III, art. 162 & 165–166.
  35. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. VI, art. 46 & 48.
  36. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. V, art. 42.
  37. ^ "El 3 de diciembre de 1993, última fecha posible para las elecciones generales". El País (in Spanish). 18 November 1992. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  38. ^ Const. Esp. (1978), tit. IV, art. 115–116.
  39. ^ Const. Esp. (1978), tit. IV, art. 99.
  40. ^ Lozano, Carles. "Grupos Parlamentarios en el Congreso de los Diputados y el Senado". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  41. ^ a b Lozano, Carles. "Composición del Senado 1977-2025". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  42. ^ "Grupos parlamentarios". Congress of Deputies (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  43. ^ "Grupos Parlamentarios desde 1977". Senate of Spain (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  44. ^ Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 70.
  45. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. II, art. 6.
  46. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. II, ch. I, art. 154.
  47. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. VI, art. 44 & tit. II, ch. V, art. 169.
  48. ^ "El PSOE proclama candidato a la presidencia a González pese a que este mantiene la incógnita". El País (in Spanish). 12 September 1992. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  49. ^ "Socialistas y Euskadiko Ezkerra ponen en marcha su proyecto de fusión". El País (in Spanish). 1 January 1993. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  50. ^ "318 afiliados de Euskadiko Ezkerra aprueban la fusión con el PSE-PSOE". El País (in Spanish). 22 February 1993. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  51. ^ "El PP desaparece en Navarra al fusionarse con Unión del Pueblo Navarro". El País (in Spanish). 18 March 1991. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  52. ^ "Aznar será proclamado candidato del PP a La Moncloa el 16 de enero". El País (in Spanish). 30 November 1992. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  53. ^ "Calvo Ortega, candidato". El País (in Spanish). 20 September 1992. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  54. ^ a b "Cinco debates en 11 elecciones: del 'desastre' de Felipe a la 'niña' de Rajoy". El Mundo (in Spanish). 13 October 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  55. ^ a b "Los debates González - Aznar, entre las emisiones más vistas de la historia de Antena 3 y Telecinco". FormulaTV (in Spanish). 21 February 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  56. ^ "Triunfo claro de Aznar en el primer debate". El País (in Spanish). 26 May 1993.
  57. ^ "Aznar superó a González en el debate". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 26 May 1993.
  58. ^ "Las encuestas de "El Mundo", "La Vanguardia" y "El País" dan el triunfo a Aznar". ABC (in Spanish). 26 May 1993.
  59. ^ "Victoria neta de González sobre Aznar en el segundo cara a cara televisivo". El País (in Spanish). 2 June 1993.
  60. ^ "González ganó por 20,9 puntos a Aznar". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2 June 1993.
  61. ^ a b "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales" (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  62. ^ a b Lozano, Carles. "Elecciones Generales 6 de junio de 1993". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  63. ^ Lozano, Carles. "Elecciones al Senado 1993". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  64. ^ Lozano, Carles. "Congreso de los Diputados: Votaciones más importantes". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 March 2025.

Bibliography

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[edit]
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